Those of us within the homeopathic medicine community often hear the criticism that there is no research in support of homeopathic medicine. There are in fact thousands of homeopathic research studies. The following studies have been selected to demonstrate the different types of homeopathic research and some of the important research findings in support of homeopathic medicine.
Overview of Clinical Research in Homeopathy
Rachel Roberts BSc(Hons) FSHom FFHom(Hons)
Clinical Research
Methodological Issues for Homeopathic Clinical Research
Homeopathic research, and the criticisms of homeopathic research, cannot be understood if the philosophical assumptions of homeopathic medicine are not understood. These philosophical assumptions necessitate a different set of criteria for assessing the validity of homeopathic research. In the following article, the authors recommend a method for assessing the model validity of homeopathic RCTs that is consistent with the basic tenets of homeopathic medicine.
- Mathie RT, Roniger H, Van Wassenhoven M, Frye J, Jacobs J, Oberbaum M, Bordet MF, Nayak C, Chaufferin G, Ives JA, Dantas F, Fisher P. Method for appraising model validity of randomised controlled trials of homeopathic treatment: multi-rater concordance study. BMC Med Res Methodol 2012;12:49.
RCTs using Individualized Homeopathic Medicines
Homeopathic medicines treat persons, not diseases — that is, the prescription for an individual with a disease is based on the expression of the disease in that particular person rather than on the disease diagnosis per se. Thus, not every person in an RCT will receive the same homeopathic medicine. This principle of homeopathic medicine increases the complexity of any RCT on the efficacy of homeopathic medicines. The following is a much abridged list of studies respecting homeopathic principles that yielded statistically significant positive results.
- Adler UC, Paiva AT, et al. Homeopathic Individualized Q-Potencies versus Fluoxetine for Moderate to Severe Depression: Double-Blind, Randomized Non-Inferiority Trial Calil Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011; 2011: 520182.
- Balamurugan, D. et al., Individualized Homeopathic Medicines in the Treatment of Psoriasis Vulgaris: Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Complement Med Res. 2023; 30(4):317-331
- Bell IR, Lewis II DA, Brooks AJ, Schwartz GE, Lewis SE, Walsh BT, and Baldwin CM. Improved clinical status in fibromyalgia patients treated with individualized homeopathic remedies versus placebo. Rheumatology 2004;43:577 582.
- Bhattacharyya SS., et al, Individualized Homeopathic Medicines in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Feasibility Trial. Homeopathy. 2023
- Bhattacharyya SS., et al, Individualized Homeopathic Medicines in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Feasibility Trial. Homeopathy. 2023
- Ghosh, P., et al., Individualized Homeopathic Medicines in Treatment of Hyperuricemia: Evaluation by Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Homeopathy 2023; 112(02): 085-096
- Ghosh, S. et al., Efficacy of individualized homeopathic medicines in primary dysmenorrhea: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. J Complement Integr Med. 2021 Jun 3.
- Jacobs J, Jonas WB, Jimanez-Parez M, Crothers D. Homeopathy for childhood diarrhea: combined results and meta analysis from three randomized, controlled clinical trials.
Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003;22(3):229-34.
- Mandal, S. et al., Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Individualized Homeopathic Medicines in Atopic Dermatitis in Adults: A Replication Trial with 6 Months’ Follow-up. Homeopathy. March 2023
- Michael, J., Singh, S., Sadhukhan, S., Nath, A., Kundu, N., Magotra, N., Dutta, S., Parewa, M., Koley, M., & Saha, S. (2019). Efficacy of individualized homeopathic treatment of insomnia: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 43, 53-59.
- Nayak D, Gupta J, Chaudhary A, et al. Efficacy of individualized homeopathy as an adjunct to standard of care of COVID-19: a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled study. Complement Ther Clin Pract. Published online May 8, 2022.
- Qutubuddin, M. et al., Efficacy of individualized homeopathy in bronchial asthma in adults: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial in the context of usual care. Advances in Integrative Medicine. 29 August 2018
- Saha, S. et al., Individualized Homeopathic Medicines in the Treatment of Post-COVID-19 Fatigue in Adults: Single-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Complement Med Res. 2024; 31(1):1-9.
- Shahid, S., et al., Efficacy of Individualized Homeopathic Medicines in Plantar Fasciitis: Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. 2021 Sep 7.
- To, K., Fok, Y, Chong, K., et al. Individualized homeopathic treatment in addition to conventional treatment in type II diabetic patients in Hong Kong – a retrospective cohort study. Homeopathy, May 2017 106, Issue 2 Pages 79-86.
RCTs using Non-Individualized Homeopathic Medicines
The following is an abridged list of studies that yielded statistically significant positive results.
- Aouina, H., et al., Oscillococcinum ®for upper respiratory tract infections and exacerbations in COPD: an observational, prospective study (OXITUNIS). Drugs Context. 2021 Jul 29
- Frass M, Dielacher C, Linkesch M, Endler C, Muchitsch I, Schuster E, Kaye A. Influence of potassium dichromate on tracheal secretions in critically ill patients. Chest 2005;127;936-941.
- van Haselen, R., Thinesse-Mallwitz, M., Maidannyk, V., Buskin, S. L., Weber, S., Keller, T., Burkart, J., & Klement, P. (2016). The Effectiveness and Safety of a Homeopathic Medicinal Product in Pediatric Upper Respiratory Tract Infections With Fever: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Glob Pediatr Health, 3, 2333794×16654851.
- Zanasi, A, Massolinia M et al. Homeopathic medicine for acute cough in upper respiratory tract infections and acute bronchitis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2014;27(1):102-8.
Longitudinal Research
The following is an abridged list of studies that yielded statistically significant positive results.
- Witt CM, Ludtke R, Baur R and Willich SN. Homeopathic medical practice: Long-term results of a cohort study with 3981 patients. BMC Public Health 2005;5:115-122. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-5-115
- Witt CM, Ludtke R, Mengler N, and Willich SN. How healthy are chronically ill patients after eight years of homeopathic treatment? Results from a long term observational study. BMC Public Health 2008;8:413-421. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-413
- Witt, C. M., et al. (2009). “Homeopathic treatment of children with atopic eczema: a prospective observational study with two years follow-up.” Acta dermato-venereologica 89(2): 182-183.
- Witt, C., et al. (2010). “Homeopathic Treatment of Patients with Migraine: A Prospective Observational Study with a 2-Year Follow-Up Period.” Journal of alternative and complementary medicine 16(4): 347-355.
- Witt C, Ludtke R, Willich SN. Homeopathic treatment of patients withchronic sinusitis: A prospective observational study with 8 years follow-up BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord. 2009; 9: 7.
- Witt CM, Ludtke R, et al. Homeopathic treatment of patients with chronic low back pain: A prospective observational study with 2 years’ follow-up. Clin J Pain, 2009, 25, 4, 334-9.
Use of Homeopathic Medicines for Prophylaxis
Homeopathic medicines can also be used as prophylactic treatment against epidemic diseases.
- Bracho G, Varela E, Fernandez R, Ordaz B, Marzoa N, Menendez J, Garcia L, Gilling E, Leyva R, Rufin R, de la Torre R, Solis RL, Batista N, Borrero R, Campa C. Large-scale application of highly-diluted bacteria for Leptospirosis epidemic control. Homeopathy 2010;99(3):156-66. doi: 10.1016/j.homp.2010.05.009.
- Golden, I., Large Scale Homoeoprophylaxis: Results of Brief and Long-Term Interventions. AJHM 112-1 Spring 2019
Veterinary Homeopathic Research
Further evidence that the positive findings in homeopathic research are not due to the placebo effect is that veterinary homeopathic research also yields statistically significant clinical results. The following is an abridged list of studies that yielded statistically significant positive results.
- Aboutboul R. Snake remedies and eosinophilic granuloma complex in cats. Homeopathy 2006; 95(1):15-9.
- Albrecht, H. and A. Schutte (1999). “Homeopathy versus antibiotics in metaphylaxis of infectious diseases: a clinical study in pig fattening and its significance to consumers.” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 5(5): 64-68.
- Alecu A, Alecu M, Mârcuş G, Brezeanu R, Cojocaru A. Effect of the homeopathic remedies Arnica montana and Staphisagria on the time of healing of surgical wounds. Int J High Dilution Res 2007;6(20):19-21.
- Camerlink I, Ellinger L et al. Homeopathy as replacement to antibiotics in the case ofEscherichia coli diarrhoea in neonatal piglets Homeopathy, Volume 99, Issue 1, January 2010, Pages 57-62
- Canello, S., Gasparini, G., Luisetto, P., Di Cerbo, A., & Pomerri, F. (2016). Bone computed tomography mineral content evaluation in chickens: effects of substances in homeopathic concentration. Homeopathy, 105, 92-5.
- Fortuoso, B.F., et al., Reduction of stool bacterial counts and prevention of diarrhea using an oral homeopathic product in newborn lambs. Microbial Pathogenesis, Volume 127, February 2019, Pages 347-351
- Giuliotti L., et al., Gastrointestinal strongyles burden monitoring in a flock of Zerasca sheep treated with homeopathy. European Journal of Integrative Medicine. Volume 8, Issue 3, June 2016, Pages 235-238
- Klocke P, Ivemeyer S, et al. A randomized controlled trial to compare the use of homeopathy and internal Teat Sealers for the prevention of mastitis in organically farmed dairy cows during the dry period and 100 days post-calving Homeopathy, Volume 99, Issue 2, April 2010, Pages 90-98
- Laginestra BFA, et al., Impact of a Novel Homeopathic Complex Medicine on the Management of Multiple Antibiotic-Resistant Bovine Mastitis: An Open-Label, Non-Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. 2023 Jul 5
- Portales, M. F., Efficacy of Homeopathic Herd Health Management in Antibiotic Resistant Dairy Cattle in Northern Spain. Homeopathy 2020; 109(01): A1-A28
- Travagin, D., et al., Use of Homeopathic Arnica montana 30cH for Postoperative Analgesia in Female Dogs Undergoing Elective Ovariohysterectomy. November 2021.
- Zeise J., et. al., Use and efficacy of homeopathy in prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis. Open Agriculture. 2019; 4: 203–212
Agrohomeopathy
An abridged list of research on the homeopathic treatment of diseased plants also yields statistically significant results, proving again that positive results of homeopathic treatment are not a placebo effect.
- Abasolo-Pacheco, F. et al., Agronomic behavior of the turnip (Brassica napus L.) during the application of homeopathic medicines. Terra Latinoam [online]. 2020, vol.38, n.1, pp.181-196.
- Betti L., et al. Effect of high dilutions of Arsenicum album on wheat seedlings from seeds poisoned with the same substance. British Homeopathic Journal 1997;86:86-89.
- Dinelli, G. (2014). “Effects of homeopathic treatments on the cellular metabolism of wheat: validation of microarrays data by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR).” Homeopathy. 2013
- Endler, P.C., et al., Seasonal Variation of the Effect of Extremely Diluted Agitated Gibberellic Acid (10e-30) on Wheat Stalk Growth: A Multiresearcher Study. Scientific World Journal. 2011
- Faedo, L. et al., USE OF TRICHODERMA SPP. AND HIGH-DYNAMIZED DILUTIONS IN THE CONTROL OF BOTRYTIS CINEREA AND STRAWBERRY GROWTH. Revista Brasileira de Agroecologia. v. 17 n. 1 p. 06-19 (2022)
- Faedo, L., Matias, C., Verdi, R., Wright, J., Rayns, F., Kretzschmar, A., & Boff, P. (2024). The use of mineral dynamised high dilutions for natural plant biostimulation; effects on plant growth, crop production, fruit quality, pest and disease incidence in agroecological strawberry cultivation. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 1–21
- Marotti, I., et. Al. Transcriptome Profiling of Wheat Seedlings following Treatment with Ultrahigh Diluted Arsenic Trioxide. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 851263
- Mondal, P. et al., Promotion of Growth, Chlorophyll Content and Yield of Rice by a New Drug at Ultra High Dilution. International Journal of High Dilution Research. June 2021
- Mondal, S. et al., Natrum mur 200c promotes seed germination and increases total protein, chlorophyll, rubisco and sugar in early seedlings of cowpea under salt stress. International Journal of High Dilution Research. Vol. 11 No. 40 (2012): Proceedings of the XXVI GIRI Symposium
- Pfleger A, Hofäcker J, et al. The effect of extremely diluted agitated gibberellic acid (10e−30) on wheat stalk growth—A two researcher pilot study, Complementary Therapies in Medicine, Volume 19, Issue 3, June 2011, Pages 164-169
Homeopathic Research
Scientific Framework Homeopathy 2015, a joint publication of the Liga Medicorum Homeopathica Internationalis (LMHI) and the European Committee for Homeopathy. The aim of this document is to consider all important aspects of the scientific framework of homeopathic practice including the level of scientific evidence, ethical questions, and evaluation of daily practice.
Basic Science Research
Measurable Physical Effects of Homeopathic Medicines
The acceptance of homeopathy as a system of medicine has been hindered by the assumption that homeopathic medicines cannot possibly have any effect because they are made from ultra-dilutions. Using state-of-the-art research techniques, the abridged list of basic science research studies in this section demonstrates that homeopathic medicines contain measurable properties.
- Basu, A., et al., Dilution-Induced Physico-Chemical Changes of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Due to Homeopathic. Preparation Steps of Trituration and Succussion. Homeopathy. 2019-10-25
- Baumgartner S, Wolf M, et al: High-field 1HT1 and T2 NMR relaxation time measurements of H2O in homeopathic preparations of quartz, sulfur, and copper sulfate. Naturwissenschaften 2009; 96:1079–1089.
- Bell, IR. Homeopathy as systemic adaptational nanomedicine: The nanoparticle-cross-adaptation-sensitization model. American Journal of Homeopathic Medicine 2012;105(3):116-130.
- Cartwright, Steven Degree of Response to Homeopathic Potencies Correlates with Dipole Moment Size in Molecular Detectors: Implications for Understanding the Fundamental Nature of Serially Diluted and Succussed Solutions Homeopathy, February 2018 Issue 1 Vol. 107 pages19-31.
- Cartwright, Steven. Homeopathic Potencies May Possess an Electric Field(-like) Component: Evidence from the Use of Encapsulated Solvatochromic Dyes. Homeopathy. 2020 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1693985
- Cartwright, Steven. Immobilisation of Solvatochromic Dyes on Transparent Cellulose Films; an Improved Methodology for the Study of Homeopathic Potencies. International Journal of High Dilution Research. Vol. 21, No. 2. 2022
- Cartwright, S., et al., Evidence from the Use of Solvatochromic Dyes Indicates that Bulk Pure Water does not Potentise. December 2023
- Chikramane PS, Suresh AK, Bellare JR, and Kane SG. Extreme homeopathic dilutions retain starting materials: A nanoparticulate perspective. Homeopathy 2010;99:231-242.
- Elia, V., et al. Aqueous nanostructures in water induced by electromagnetic fields emitted by EDS. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry Vol. 107 Issue 2. 2012
- Elia V, Napoli E, and Germano R. The ‘Memory of Water’: an almost deciphered enigma. Dissipative structures in extremely dilute aqueous solutions. Homeopathy 2007:96:163 169.
- Nain, A., et al., Physicochemical behaviour of homoeopathic dilutions of ammonium carbonicum at ambient temperatures: Volumetric, ultrasonic and viscometric study. J. Mol. Chem., 2024, 4(2), 698
- Rao ML, Roy R, Bell I. Characterization of the structure of ultra dilute sols with remarkable biological properties. Materials Letters 2008;62:1487 1490.
- Rao ML, Roy R, Bell IR, Hoover R. The defining role of structure (including epitaxy) in the plausibility of homeopathy. Homeopathy 2007;96(3):175-82.
- Rey L. Thermoluminescence of ultra-high dilutions of lithium chloride and sodium chloride. Physica A 2003;323:67-74.
- Van Wassenhoven, Michel, et al., Verification of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Characterization of Traditional Homeopathically Manufactured Metal (Cuprum metallicum) and Plant (Gelsemium sempervirens) Medicines and Controls. July 2020.
- Van Wassenhoven, M., et al., Characterisation of Aqueous Ultra-high Homeopathic Potencies: Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis. Aug. 2024
Measurable Biological Effects of Homeopathic Medicines
Measurable Biological Effects of Homeopathic Medicines
The demonstration of measurable physical properties of homeopathic medicines shows that homeopathic medicines can have biological effects. The following much-abridged list of studies substantiates that fact.
- Bellavite P, Magnani P, Zanolin E, Conforti A: Homeopathic doses of Gelsemium sempervirens improve the behavior of mice in response to novel environments. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011, 2011:362517.
- Belon P, Cumps J, Ennis M, Mannaioni PF, Roberfroid M, Sainte-Laudy J, Wiegant FAC. Histamine dilutions modulate basophil activation. Inflamm Res 2004;53:181 188.
- Banerjee P. Comparative efficacy of two dilutions of Arsenicum album to ameliorate toxicity by repeated sublethal injections of arsenious trioxide in mice. Pathobiology 2008;75:156.
- Belon P, Cumps J, Ennis M, Mannaioni PF, Roberfroid M, Sainte-Laudy J, Wiegant FAC. Histamine dilutions modulate basophil activation. Inflamm Res 2004;53:181 188.
- Brack A., et al. Effect of ultra-high dilutions of 3,5-dichlorophenol on luminescence of the bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1621:253-260. 2003
- Das, S., Saha, S.K. Potential of the homeopathic remedy, Arnica Montana 30C, to reduce DNA damage in Escherichia coli exposed to ultraviolet irradiation through up-regulation of nucleotide excision repair genes Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine .2012 Mar;10(3):337-46
- Davenas E., et al., Effect on mouse peritoneal macrophages of orally-administered, very high dilutions of Silica. European Journal of Pharmacology;135:313-319. 1987
- Marzotto M, Olioso D, et al. Extreme sensitivity of gene expression in human SH-SY5Y neurocytes to ultra-low doses of Gelsemium sempervirens BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine2014, 14:104.
- Marzotto M., et al. Fibronectin Gene Up-regulation by Arnica montana in Human Macrophages: Validation by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay. April 2020.
- Nagai, M. Y., et. al., Highly Diluted Glyphosate Mitigates Its Effects on Artemia salina: Physicochemical Implications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023, 24(11)
- Olioso, D et al. Arnica montana effects on gene expression in a human macrophage cell line. Evaluation by quantitative Real-Time PCR Homeopathy, May, 2016 Volume 105 Issue 2, pages 131-147.
The State of Research in Homeopathic Medicine
and Understanding the Biological Basis for Homeopathic
AIH Homeopathic Research Database
The American Institute of Homeopathy maintains one of the world’s most comprehensive list of research studies on homeopathy and related topics. The list contains well over 6,000 research studies.